NOUN PHRASE

1. Noun phrases is constraction function as subject and object .
2. Noun phrases is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words
containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or
pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

- Kinds of noun phrases :
a. Noun + Noun, example : Office boy
b. Verb + Noun, example : Take a bath
c. Gerund + Noun, example : Throwing ball
d. Pronoun + Noun, example : My book
e. Adjective + Noun, example : Black board
f. Determiner + Noun, example : A pen

- The noun phrases in English composed petenhally of 3 parts, there are :
a. Head : The most usual kind of head of a noun phrases.
b. Pre Modification : Consists of a number of word classes in a specific order.
c. Post Modification : Must commonly used not by specific word classes or subclasses.

Example 1 :
didi : Do you like books ?
dodo : Yes, I like them.
didi: Do you like books over there?
dodo : Yes, they are nice.
didi: Do you like the book which I brought yesterday?
dodo : Yes, I like it.

Example 2 :
- Rezha was late
( Rezha is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb)

- Some noun phrase are short :
* The student

- Some are long :
* The very tall education consultant.

FINITE VERBS

Definition:
Finite verbs (sometimes called main verbs) are verb forms suitable for use in predicates in that they carry inflections or other formal characteristics limiting their number(singular / plural), person, and tense(past / present etc). Finite verbs can function on their own as the core of an independent sentence.

For example

• I walked, they walk, and she walks are finite verbs
  * (to) walk is an infinitive.
• I lived in Germany.
  * "I" is the subject. "Lived" describes what the subject did. "Lived" is a finite verb.

Examples

• The truck demolished the restaurant.
• The leaves were yellow and sickly.

Modals in the past form

silahkan dibaca :D

maaf garing :(

Modals
present	Past
can	could
will	would
shall	should
may	might

1. Could + Verb base

ô to offer suggestions or possibilities

Example:

Patrick : Oh, no! I left my shorts.

Spongebob : Don’t worry, Patrick. You could borrow my shorts.

Asmi : I’m having trouble with English.

Randah : Why don’t you ask Agnes? Perhaps she could help you.

ô to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.

Example:

Tasya : Ras, can you climb the durian tree?

Rasya : Well… I could climb durian tree when I was so young.

But I think I’m too heavy to climb it.

Mia : Grandpa, what could you do when you were younger?

Grandpa : When I was younger, I could swim across the big river

very well and faster.

ô to express polite requests

Example: Could I borrow your pencil (please)?

Could you lend me your jacket now?

Could you please close the door?

Could you pass the salt?

2. Would + Verb base

ô for an action that was repeated regularly in the past

Example:

When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.

On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.

ô insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences

Example:

Justin : What would you rather do in the weekend, go to the party or stay home?

Eminem : I would rather go to the party than stay home.

Angel : Which country would you rather visit?

Maria : I would rather visit Italia than Somalia.

ô to express polite requests

Example:

Andi : Would you mind cycling with me, Kala?

Kala : No, not at all. It would be nice.

Mikola : Would you please pass the helmet, Bella?

Bella : No problem

3. Should + Verb base

ô to give definite advice (advisability)

Example:

Bunda : Putri, you should study tonight.

You will have English test tomorrow, won’t you?

Putri : I will, Bunda.

Debby : You should paint your door, Bobby. It looks terrible.

Bobby : Yes, I know I should.

ô to express the subject’s obligation or duty

Example: You should practice for more than an hour. (to musical friend)

They shouldn’t allow parking here; the street is too narrow.

Application should be sent before March 25^th.

4. Might + Verb base

ô to tell possibilities

Example:

David : Where is Deddy?

Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina.

ô To express polite requests

Example:

Tian : Might I borrow your coat?

Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and

I don’t know when he’ll return it.

NEWS ITEM

News item is factual text which informs the reader about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

Social function of news item is : to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important

- Generic Structure
* Newsworthy event (s) : recount the event in summary form
*Background Event (s) : elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances
* Sources : comment by participants in, withesses to and authorities to and authorities expert on the event

- Signification grammar features :
* Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
* Generally using simple past tense
* Use of material processes to retell the event
* Using action verbs , (,) : were, run, go, kill, etc
* Using saying verbs , (.) : say, tell
* Focus on circumstances
* Use of projecting verbal processes in sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible
1. The passive voice is used with out the approprianto form of “be”
2. It is unusually to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
3. The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing orde ueloping, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out
4. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
5. Headlines are not always complete sentences

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

.

The aim of descriptive text: to describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.

Text Structure:

▪ Identification Þ identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.

▪ Description Þ gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.

Grammatical Features:

▪ Who? What?

▪ Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense

▪ Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase

▪ Attributive (the)

▪ Use of attributive and identifying process

▪ Focus on specific participants

▪ Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups

Example of Descriptive Text:

Natural Bridge National Park

Natural Bridge National Park is luscious tropical rainforest. It is located 110 kilometers south of Brisbane and is reached by following the Pacific Highway to Nerang and then by travelling through the Numimbah Valley. This scenic roadway lies in the shadow of the Lamington National Park.

The phenomenon of the rock formed into a natural ‘arch’ and the cave through which a waterfall cascades is a short one-kilometer walk below a dense rainforest canopy from the main picnic area. Swimming is permitted in the rock pools. Night-time visitors to the cave will discover the unique feature of the glow worms.

Picnic areas offer toilets, barbeque, shelter sheds, water and fireplaces; however, overnight camping is not permitted.

Direct Speech

Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).We use quotation marks (“______________”) and it should be word for word.

For example:

Nicky said, “It’s hot”.

Or

“It’s hot,” Nicky said.

Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.

The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.

The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

▪ Note: The reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentences are: Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind

▪ Don’t forget to mention the indirect object. Father warned me not to drive fast.

For example:

Direct speech Indirect speech

Present simple Past simple

Vita said, “I eat fried rice”. Vita said that she ate fried rice.

Past simple Past Perfect

Mother said, “I went to market yesterday”. Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Future simple Past Future

Lea said, “I am going to wash my clothes”. Lea said (that) she was going to wash her clothes.

Dave said, “I will buy an I-Pod next week”. Dave said (that) he would buy an I-Pod the week after.

Present continuous Past continuous

Gama said, “I am playing football”. Gama said he was playing football.

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

She said, “I was teaching earlier.” She said she had been teaching earlier.

In time expressions and pronouns

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Now Today/tonight Yesterday Tomorrow Last week Next week Ago	Then That day/that night The day before/the previous day The next/following day The previous week The following week/the week after Before
This/these Here Pronouns	That/those There They change according to the context

Narrative Text

Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

Generic Structures: Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) - Resolution

Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.
Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.
Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.
Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.

Coda: it is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.

Example: The story of Cinderella, Snow White, Snow Maiden, The Little Pear Girl, The Ugly Duckling, etc.

Example of narrative text :

Rapunzel

A long time ago there lived a young couple, a man and his wife, his wife was expecting their baby. She wanted a plant that only grew in her neighbor's garden, she wanted it so much. She even intended to steal it herself, but later on, she sent her husband to steal it.

Unfortunately, mother Gothel, the owner of the garden, caught him doing it. She was a witch. Then, mother Gothel forced the couple to give their first baby to her.

A few months later, the baby was born. It was a girl and named Rapunzel. Soon, this baby was taken away to live with mother Gothel. Rapunzel grew to be a beautiful young girl with her long golden hair. At first she was cared for in a normal way. When she reached puberty, she was locked in the forest. It could only be entered by climbing on Rapunzel's long hair. To cheer herself up, she loved to sing.

One day, a young prince was out hunting. He stumbled upon the tower. He heard Rapunzel's beautiful voice. He decided that he must meet her. He spied and, by watching Mother Gothel, learned the words he has to say to have Rapunzel drop her hair. The Prince visited her often and the two fell in love.

Then, Rapunzel; made a plan to escape from the tower. She wanted to be with the prince. She asked the prince to bring her a skein of silk each time he visited. She might weave a ladder for her escape. Unfortunately, Mother Gothel caught on Then, she banished Rapunzel to the desert. She prince blind and he marred the earth searching for his love.

Eventually, they found each other, and prince's eyes were healed by Rapunzel's tears of happiness.

ASKING INFORMATION

udah kaya sinetron indonesia aj. kejar tayang. wkkk
kudu buru buru nie menuhin primbon sebelum masa berlaku'a abis #yaelahkyaaapaanaj
yuk kita cuap-cuap sma asking information :P #gajebgt sumpah dah

SURPRISES OR DISBELIEFS

 Huah, kaget banget pas tau anjing ku udh pny anak.
rasa percaya dan tidak percaya :D
hhaha  itu lah ekpresi dari believe or disbeliefs 
mari kita cari tau apa'' aja ekpersi dari believe or disbeliefs 
maaf kalau garing :P

GRATITUDE, COMPLIMENT AND CONGRATULATION

gomawo itu adalah contoh gratitude dari bahasa korea 

wowo kamu hebat itu contoh compliment dari bahasa negeri kita tercinta :D

selamat y kemaren kamu menang main bolanya :D (buat akang CR7 :p)

langsung aj deh. kita belajar. 

show time :D

hahaha

Gratitude is also called thanking.
We say “thank you” when people give us something, help we do something, give a compliment, wish us something, etc.
Expressing gratitude:
- I should like to express my gratitude

 - Thank you very much
- Thanks for your help

- How can I thank you?

- I’m very grateful to you

- I can’t thank you enough

- I’m very much obliged to you.
 

esponding:
- It was the least I could do

- You’re welcome

- No big deal

- Don’t mention it

- It’s a pleasure

- That’s all right

- Any time


Compliment is expression that use to give praising to other people.
Some people use compliment to butter up somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will.
Complimenting:
- Good grade!

- Nice work

- Excellent!

- Good job!

- You look great

- What a nice t-shirt

- I really must express my admiration for your dance

- You look very nice (beautiful/handsome)


Congratulation is expression that used to said congratulate to someone when get a success.
Congratulating:
- I must congratulate you

- Please accept my warmest congratulations

- I’d like to be first to congratulate you

- Congratulations on your success

-

VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE

dapur,toilet, kamar tidur, ruang tamu itu adalah beberapa bagian yang ada dirumah kita masing-masing. iya apa iya ? #hhe



Build Up :
Attic =People store things in the attic.

Ballroom =A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room =A small room used for storage.
Cellar =Underneath the house.
Cloakroom =A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory = A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.

Dining Room =A room where people eat.
Drawing Room =A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.

Games Room = A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall = The entrance passage to a house.

Larder =A small room used for the storage of food.

Library =A room where books are kept.

Lounge =Another name for living room.

Music Room =A room where people play music.

Office =A room where people work.

Pantry =A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour =Old fashioned word for living room.

Sitting Room =Another name for living room.

Spare Room/Guest Room =A room where guests sleep.

Toilet = A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)

Utility Room =A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.

INVITATION (WRITING)

CR7 : Kamu mau gk dinner sama aku ?

Iin : mau banget ;P

hhahah itu hanya ilusi. yang bener itu 

CR7 : will you merry me ?

Iin : yes of course(loncat-loncat girang)

ini lebih gk bnr lg

wkkk

langsung aj deh. itu adlh salah satu contoh dr invitation (mengundang), tapi itu secara lisan. yang bakalan gw muat disini cara-cara ngebuat undangan

let's we learn it :D

 

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.
There are two types of invitation.
They are Formal Invitation and Informal Invitation.
-Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.
-Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.

How to Write An Invitation??

Step 1
Before you write an invitation, decide on the tone, voice and level of formality, based on the event itself. This will dictate whether you hand-write the cards or have them printed, and whether you choose A preprinted or personalized invitation.

Step 2
Choose the type of invite you want, and order or buy a few more than you think you'll need. This will permit you to add some guests to your list at the last minute, if necessary. For small parties, you may want to hand-write the invitations on stationery or blank cards. For large gatherings, consider ordering printed invitations.

Step 3
Determine the wording of your invite based on the level of formality. For example, a formal invitation might say, 'Dr. and Mrs. Stanley request the pleasure of your company,' whereas a more casual note might say, 'Please join us.'

Step 4
Include the names of the host and/or hostess, as well as the place (with street address), time, date and purpose of the occasion, even if it's a simple get-together.

Step 5
Make sure to add RSVP information at the bottom of the invite if you need to know who will be attending; for example, 'RSVP' followed by your telephone number.
R.S.V.P. which means "please reply.“The person sending the invitation would like you to tell him or her whether you accept or decline the invitation. That is, will you be coming to the event or not?

Step 6
Include a respond-by date on a formal invitation so you can get an accurate head count in time to adjust the amount of food, number of place settings and room size. For a wedding, charity function or other formal event, consider including a response card and a stamped, self-addressed envelope inside the envelope containing your invite.

Step 7
Mail invitations three weeks before most events, four weeks before a formal affair and three months before a wedding, to allow for airline reservations. For events held during the December holidays, send invitations around Thanksgiving.

Example
- Extending (mengundang)
- Let’s go to the Keroncong Festival!
- Please try to come!
- I hope you’ll join us!
- If you are not busy, pleset come to my party!
- Shall we see the film?
- I would like to invite you come to my house!

Accepting (menerima)
- Great! Let’s do it!
- Thank you. I’d like to!
- That’s a good idea!
- That would be very nice!
- Thank you for invitation!

Declining (menolak)/refusing:
- I’m really sorry about that.
- Sorry. I can’t. I have to do something.
- I’d love to. But I can’t.
- Sorry. I really busy.
- (If you declining an invitation, please give a reason)

 

 

Simple Present Tense

Kalo kita ngomongin kegiatan sehari-hari pasti ada hubungannya dengan Tense, ini materi yang kita akan bahas kali ini. Coba tebak tense kita kali ini apa? Ya betul, present tense. Simak baik" ya ^_^

 
Simple present tense is used to express habits, general truth, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions, and wishes.

Besides that, to give instructions or directions and to express fixed arrangement, present or future.

Adverb of time:
- Always 
- Never
- Every 
- Often
- Seldom
- Usually
- Sometimes
- Everyday
- Etc.
 
The pattern:
- Verbal sentences
(+) S+verb I (s/es)+object
(-) S+do/does+not+object
(?) Do/does+S+verb I+object?
Examples:
(+) He sees stars in the sky.
(-) He does not see stars in the sky.
(?) Does he see stars in the sky?

- Non verbal sentences (nominal sentences)
(+) S+to be (am/is/are)+noun/adjective/adverb
(-) S+to be+ not+noun/adjective/adverb
(?) To be+S+noun/adjective/adverb
Examples:
(+) He is handsome.
(-) He is not handsome.
(?) Is he handsome?

Notes:
1. Verbs ending in –y: the third person changes the –y to –ies.
Examples: 
fly→flies
cry→cries
2. Add –es to verbs ending in :-ss, -x, -sh, -ch
Examples:
He teach→he teaches
She pass→she passes
He fix→he fixes
It push→it pushes

Greeting

Indah :"Hi, Kasah."
Kasah :"Hi, Indah."
Rini:"How are you?"
Indah :"I'm fine, thanks. And you?"
Kasah :" I'm fine too, thanks."

Percakapan singkat diatas udah termasuk greeting loh. Setelah diteliti lebih lanjut, bukan cuma itu saja. Penasaran? check it out!

Greeting is an act of communication in which human being intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other.
Some expressions you can use to greet other people

- Formal greeting:
- Good morning (until about lunch time, or before 12 a.m.)
- Good afternoon (12-16p.m.)
- Good evening (until about 9 p.m.)
- Good morning, Sir/Madam

- Informal greeting
- Hi, Lizzy!
- Morning, Jim!
- Hello

- Initilal greeting:
- How are you?
- How’s it going?
- How are you going?
- How’s life?


- Responding to initial greeting:
- Very well, thank you and how are you?
- I’m good/ okay/ alright.
- Very well, thank you.
- Oh, pretty good.
- Not too bad, thanks.
- Fine, thanks.
- Excellent.

- Pre-closing:
- Ok then…
- I’ve got to go now
- So, I’ll see you next week
- I think I’d better be going now
- Well, it’s time for me to leave
- I think it’s already late at night
- I must be going home

- Closing/leave taking:
- Goodbye (formal/informal)
- Bye-bye; bye; good bye
- See you later
- See you soon
- See you tonight
- Good night (after 8 p.m. or retiring to bed)
- Good night, Dad/ Mom

- Responding of leave taking:
- See you
- Take care
- Fine 
- Ok
- Alright
- Good night, dear

Introducing oneself and other people
• Introducing oneself
- Let me (allow me to) introduce myself. I’m …(Rini)
- Hi, my name’s …(Rino)
- Hello, I’m Ratna. How do you do?
- Good morning, Sir. I’m Rini your new secretary.

• Responding
- Hello, I’m …(Rina)
- Hi Rino. I’m Sinta.
- I’m Rama. How do you do?
- Good morning, Rini. Pleased to meet you.

• Introducing someone to other people
- Please let me introduce the keynote speaker for this occasion, Ms. Rebecca Coogan
- Jelita, I’d like you to introduce my brother buyung. Buyung , introduce my friend Jelita.
- Reno, this is Marni. Marni, this is Reno.

Example in dialog
Greeting and leave taking
Rini:”Hello, Charlie.”
Charlie:” Hello, Rini.”
Rini:”How about our task?”
Charlie:” What? Can you repeat it again?”
Rini:” Ok, how about our task?
Charlie:” It is not yet finish.”
Rini:” So, what will we finish our task?”
Charlie:” At Sunday. Do you want?”
Rini:” Ok. Well, it’s time for me to leave. See you tomorrow.”
Charlie:” See you. Bye.”

Introducing someone to other people
Charlie:” Hi, Rini. We meet again.”
Rini:” Hi, Charlie. Yeah, glad to see you again.”
Charlie:” M e too. How’s life?
Rini:” Great.”
Charlie:” By the way, please meet my girlfriend Gina. Gina, this is Rini my friend.
Rini:” Nice to meet you, Gina.”
Gina:” Nice to meet you too, Rini.”

Advertisement

Ga cuma kepandaian buat memanage dan tau tentang seluk beluk bisnis, para pengusaha maupun pedagang harus ngerti nih ma yang satu ini yaitu advertisement/iklan. Iklan berguna banget sebagai media promosi mereka untuk menjual/menawarkan dagangan yang dijual.Betul ga? Daripada panjang lebar, mending kita baca materi nya yuk. Hehe

Advertisement is information for persuading and motivating people so that it will attract them to the service and the thing that are offered or informed.
Function of advertisement:
1. Promotion
2. Communication
3. Information



In making an advertisement keep the following points:
1. Language of advertisement
- Using correct or suitable words
- Using the interesting and suggestive expression
- Using positive expression
- Text advertisement should be directed to the goals

2. Content of advertisement
- Objective and honest
- Brief and clear
- Not mocking to group or other product

The placement of advertisement                                                              
n advertisement usually placed on:
- A public area 
- Newspaper
- Magazine
- Billboard
- Etc.

The kinds of advertisement
1. Commercial advertisement
- Product advertisement (goods or service)
- Job vacancy
2. Covert advertisement

Example of advertisement
Southgate Area
Brand new luxury 1 and 2 bedroom apartments. 
At the Heatherdowns and Green Street. Convenient to Southgate Centre. Close the bus route 22.
Rentals from $250 include the following utilities: heat, air, shag carpet, appliances, dishwasher, patio, laundry, room, pool, 1 year lease and security deposit.
One-preschool-aged child considered in 2 bedrooms.
Absolutely no pets.
Model open weekdays 1-6, Sun. 1-5 or by appointment 241-7721. Managed by Sands Corporation.
An equal housing opportunity.